Unit-4 Development of MIS | BBA 3rd Sem

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Unit-4

Development of MIS

Meaning of Development and Implementation

• Development refers to the process of creating or improving something, such as a product, system, or software. It involves planning, designing, coding, testing, and refining to achieve the desired outcome. In the context of software development, it typically involves writing code, creating functionalities, and building the necessary infrastructure.
• Implementation, on the other hand, is the act of putting something into action or practice. It is the process of taking the developed product or system and deploying it in a real-world environment. Implementation involves installing, configuring, and integrating the software or system into the existing infrastructure and ensuring that it functions as intended.
• The development phase focuses on the creation and refinement of the product or system, while the implementation phase focuses on making it operational and usable. Development is more concerned with the technical aspects, such as coding and testing, while implementation involves considerations like user training, data migration, and change management.
• During development, developers work closely with stakeholders to understand their requirements and design a solution that meets those needs. They write code, build functionalities, and conduct thorough testing to ensure the software or system functions properly. Development is an iterative process, with continuous feedback and refinement to achieve the desired outcome.
• Once the development phase is complete, the implementation phase begins. This involves installing the software or system on the necessary hardware, configuring it to fit the organization’s specific requirements, and integrating it with other existing systems if needed. Implementation also includes activities like data migration, user training, and ensuring smooth transition from old systems to the new one.
• Both development and implementation are crucial stages in any project. Development focuses on creating the product or system, while implementation focuses on making it operational and usable. The success of a project depends on effective development and seamless implementation to achieve the desired goals and benefits for the organization.

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Approach of Development

1. Individuals and Interactions over Processes and Tools: Agile places a strong emphasis on effective communication and collaboration among team members. It values face-to-face interactions and encourages open dialogue to ensure a shared understanding of project goals and requirements.
2. Working Software over Comprehensive Documentation: While documentation is important, Agile prioritizes delivering working software that meets customer needs. It encourages frequent releases and feedback loops to ensure that the software is functional and valuable.
3. Customer Collaboration over Contract Negotiation: Agile promotes active involvement of customers and stakeholders throughout the development process. By involving them in decision-making and seeking their feedback, the team can better align the software with their needs and expectations.
4. Responding to Change over Following a Plan: Agile recognizes that requirements and priorities can change over time. It embraces change and encourages teams to be flexible and adaptive. Instead of sticking to a rigid plan, Agile allows for continuous refinement and adjustment based on feedback and new insights.

Wikipedia- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system

Lifecycle of Development

1. Requirements Gathering: This is the initial phase where the project team works closely with stakeholders to understand their needs and expectations. Requirements are gathered, analyzed, and documented to define the scope of the project.
2. Planning: In this phase, a detailed plan is created, outlining the project’s objectives, timeline, resources, and deliverables. The project team determines the best approach, methodologies, and tools to be used.
3. Design: The design phase involves creating a blueprint or architecture for the product or system. This includes defining the overall structure, interfaces, and functionalities. Designers and developers collaborate to ensure the design aligns with the project requirements.
4. Development: This is the phase where the actual coding and development of the product or system takes place. Developers write the code, create databases, and integrate various components. Regular testing and debugging are conducted to ensure the quality of the code.
5. Testing: In this phase, the developed product or system is thoroughly tested to identify and fix any defects or issues. Different types of testing, such as unit testing, integration testing, and user acceptance testing, are performed to ensure the product meets the specified requirements.
6. Deployment: Once the product or system has been tested and approved, it is deployed to the target environment. This involves installing the software, configuring the system, and ensuring it is ready for use.
7. Maintenance: After deployment, the product or system enters the maintenance phase. Regular updates, bug fixes, and enhancements are made to ensure its optimal performance and address any issues that may arise.

Development of Method

1. Waterfall: This is a sequential approach where each phase of the development lifecycle is completed before moving on to the next. It follows a linear progression from requirements gathering to deployment.
2. Agile: Agile methodologies, such as Scrum or Kanban, emphasize iterative and incremental development. The project is divided into small, manageable increments called sprints, with regular feedback and adaptation throughout the process.
3. DevOps: DevOps focuses on collaboration and integration between development and operations teams. It aims to automate and streamline the software development and deployment process, enabling faster and more reliable releases.
4. Rapid Application Development (RAD): RAD involves a rapid prototyping approach, where a basic version of the software is quickly developed and iteratively refined based on user feedback.
5. Spiral: The spiral model combines elements of both waterfall and iterative development. It involves multiple iterations, with each iteration building upon the previous one while incorporating feedback and risk analysis.
6. Lean Development: Lean development aims to eliminate waste and maximize value by focusing on delivering the most important features and minimizing unnecessary work.

Factor contributing of Success

1. Clear Goals: Setting clear, specific, and achievable goals is crucial. When you have a clear direction, it becomes easier to plan and work towards your objectives.
2. Passion and Motivation: Having a genuine passion for what you’re doing and staying motivated even during challenging times can greatly contribute to your success. It helps you stay focused and determined to overcome obstacles.
3. Continuous Learning: Success often goes hand in hand with continuous learning. Embracing a growth mindset and seeking opportunities to acquire new knowledge and skills can give you a competitive edge.
4. Hard Work and Persistence: Success rarely comes overnight. It requires consistent effort, perseverance, and the willingness to go the extra mile. Putting in the hard work and staying persistent can help you achieve your goals.
5. Effective Planning and Time Management: Planning your tasks and managing your time efficiently can significantly impact your success. Being organized and prioritizing your work helps you stay on track and make the most of your resources.
6. Adaptability and Resilience: The ability to adapt to changing circumstances and bounce back from setbacks is crucial. Being flexible and resilient allows you to navigate challenges and find alternative solutions.
7. Building Relationships and Networking: Building strong relationships with colleagues, mentors, and industry professionals can open doors to new opportunities. Networking helps you gain insights, support, and valuable connections.
8. Embracing Failure and Learning from Mistakes: Failure is a natural part of the journey to success. Embracing failure, learning from your mistakes, and using them as stepping stones for growth can lead to eventual success.
9. Positive Mindset and Self-Belief: Maintaining a positive mindset and believing in your abilities can make a significant difference. Your mindset shapes your actions and influences your outcomes.
10. Taking Calculated Risks: Success often requires taking calculated risks. Stepping out of your comfort zone and being willing to take on new challenges can lead to great rewards.

Factor Contributing of Failure

1. Lack of Clear Goals: Without clear goals, it’s easy to lose focus and direction. Without a clear path to follow, it becomes difficult to make progress and achieve success.
2. Lack of Motivation and Passion: If you lack motivation and passion for what you’re doing, it can be challenging to stay committed and put in the necessary effort. Without genuine interest, it’s easy to lose enthusiasm and give up.
3. Fear of Failure: The fear of failure can hold you back from taking risks and pursuing your goals. It can prevent you from stepping out of your comfort zone and exploring new opportunities.
4. Poor Planning and Time Management: Failing to plan effectively and manage your time can lead to disorganization and inefficiency. Without a clear plan, it becomes difficult to prioritize tasks and make progress towards your goals.
5. Lack of Adaptability: In an ever-changing world, being adaptable is crucial. If you’re resistant to change and unwilling to adjust your approach, it can hinder your ability to overcome obstacles and find alternative solutions.
6. Negative Mindset and Self-Doubt: A negative mindset and self-doubt can undermine your confidence and belief in your abilities. It can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading to a lack of motivation and poor performance.
7. Lack of Continuous Learning: Failing to invest in continuous learning and personal development can limit your growth and hinder your ability to adapt to new challenges. Stagnation can lead to falling behind in a rapidly evolving world.
8. Lack of Accountability: Taking responsibility for your actions and holding yourself accountable is crucial for success. Without accountability, it becomes easy to make excuses and avoid taking necessary steps towards achieving your goals.
9. Poor Communication and Collaboration: Effective communication and collaboration are essential in both personal and professional settings. Failing to communicate effectively and work well with others can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and missed opportunities.
10. Giving Up Too Easily: Persistence is key to success. Giving up at the first sign of difficulty or setback can prevent you from reaching your full potential. It’s important to stay resilient and keep pushing forward, even in the face of challenges.

MIS Process Model

1. Identification of Information Needs: The first step in the MIS process method is to identify the information needs of the organization. This involves understanding the goals, objectives, and requirements of different departments and individuals within the organization.
2. Data Collection: Once the information needs are identified, the next step is to collect relevant data. This data can come from various sources, such as internal databases, external sources, or through data collection techniques like surveys or interviews.
3. Data Processing: After the data is collected, it needs to be processed to transform it into meaningful information. This involves organizing, analyzing, and summarizing the data using various tools and techniques such as data mining, statistical analysis, or data visualization.
4. Information Generation: Once the data is processed, the next step is to generate useful information. This information should be accurate, relevant, and timely to support decision-making at different levels of the organization. It can be presented in the form of reports, dashboards, or interactive tools.
5. Information Dissemination: After generating the information, it needs to be disseminated to the relevant stakeholders within the organization. This can be done through various channels such as email, intranet portals, or dedicated information systems.
6. Information Utilization: The success of an MIS depends on how effectively the generated information is utilized by decision-makers. It should support strategic, tactical, and operational decision-making processes, enabling managers to make informed choices and take appropriate actions.
7. Monitoring and Evaluation: To ensure the effectiveness of the MIS, continuous monitoring and evaluation are essential. This involves assessing the performance of the information system, identifying areas for improvement, and making necessary adjustments to meet changing organizational needs.
8. Feedback and Control: Feedback loops are crucial in the MIS process method. Feedback helps in identifying any gaps or discrepancies in the information system and allows for corrective actions to be taken. Control mechanisms are put in place to ensure data integrity, security, and compliance with relevant regulations.