UNIT 1 Computer Fundamental Of Algorithm BCA 1st year 2023

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Unit 1

Basic of Computer

Computer

1. Definition: A computer is a smart machine that can receive, store, manipulate, and output information, making it an essential tool for various tasks and activities.
2. Components: Computers consist of hardware components such as a central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, input/output devices like keyboards and monitors, and software that enables the computer to perform specific functions.
3. Functionality: Computers can perform a wide range of functions, including word processing, data analysis, internet browsing, multimedia playback, gaming, and much more. They can also connect to networks to facilitate communication and information sharing.
4. Evolution: Over the years, computers have evolved from large, room-sized machines to compact and portable devices like laptops, tablets, and smartphones, allowing users to access information and perform tasks on the go.
5. Importance: Computers play a crucial role in various sectors, including education, business, healthcare, entertainment, and research. They have revolutionized the way we work, communicate, and access information, making our lives

Characteristics of computer

• Speed– Computer work very fast according to the humans
• Accuracy– The computer does very accurate calculation according to humans.
• Memory– The computer has an in built memory. Where it can store a large amount of data and keeps it for a very long time.
• Diligence– Computer works the quality of working carefully and with a lot of effort.
• No feeling –It does not have feeling and emotion , knowledge and experience

Types of computer

• Computer divided into a basic parts

1 ) on the basis of size.

Super computer

1. Definition: A supercomputer is a cutting-edge computer system designed to handle extremely demanding computational tasks that require immense processing power, such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and advanced research.
2. Performance: Supercomputers are built with multiple processors working in parallel, enabling them to perform calculations at an astonishing rate. They can process billions or even trillions of calculations per second, far surpassing the capabilities of regular computers.
3. Applications: Supercomputers are used in various fields, including scientific research, climate modeling, molecular dynamics, financial modeling, and artificial intelligence. They help scientists and researchers tackle complex problems and gain insights into intricate phenomena.
4. Architecture: Supercomputers often employ specialized architectures, such as parallel processing, vector processing, or grid computing, to maximize performance and efficiency. They utilize advanced techniques like parallelization and distributed computing to divide tasks among multiple processors.
5. Impact: Supercomputers have revolutionized scientific and technological advancements, enabling breakthroughs in fields like astrophysics, genomics, drug discovery, and climate modeling. They contribute to solving complex problems and pushing the boundaries of human knowledge.

Advantage

• Security– The security of the super computer is very good
• Speed– Super computer can calculation very quickly according to normal computer.
• Complex task –A super computer can also do difficult work
• Environment friendly – super computer is a environment friendly

Disadvantages

• Physical size– super computer is a big in size as compare to main from and mini computer
• Storage – This is very little storage inside a super computer
• Heat release– the super computer releases a lot of hits.
• Power consumption-super computer consumes a lot of electricity

Main frame computer

1. Definition: A mainframe computer is a powerful and reliable computing system designed to handle extensive data processing and serve as the backbone of enterprise-level operations in industries like banking, healthcare, and government.
2. Capacity: Mainframes are built with robust hardware components and can handle massive amounts of data, processing transactions and running applications simultaneously. They offer high availability, scalability, and reliability, ensuring uninterrupted operations.
3. Applications: Mainframes are used for mission-critical tasks like financial transactions, reservation systems, inventory management, and large-scale database processing. They provide secure and efficient processing for organizations with high data volume and stringent performance requirements.
4. Architecture: Mainframes utilize a unique architecture that includes multiple processors, extensive memory, and specialized input/output subsystems. They are designed for parallel processing, allowing efficient execution of multiple tasks concurrently.
5. Legacy and Modernization: Mainframes have a long history and continue to evolve. While they have been the backbone of many organizations for decades, modern mainframes incorporate advanced technologies like virtualization, cloud integration, and encryption to meet the demands of the digital age.

Advantages of main frame computer

• Ultra computing power
• scale ability
• Protection

Disadvantages of main frame computer

• Expensive
• Require the more space
• Consume more resources

Mini computer

1. Definition: A mini computer is a smaller-scale computer system that provides computing power and functionality similar to larger mainframe or server systems, but in a more compact form factor.
2. Size and Portability: Mini computers are designed to be smaller and more portable than traditional mainframes or servers. They are often rack-mounted or housed in a compact enclosure, making them ideal for environments with space constraints.
3. Performance: Despite their smaller size, mini computers can still deliver impressive performance for a wide range of tasks. They typically feature multiple processors, ample memory, and storage capacity, allowing them to handle critical business applications efficiently.
4. Applications: Mini computers find applications in various industries, including research institutions, universities, small to medium-sized businesses, and scientific laboratories. They can be used for tasks such as data analysis, simulations, web hosting, and running specialized software.
5. Cost-Effectiveness: Mini computers offer a cost-effective solution for organizations that require robust computing capabilities but have budget limitations. They provide a balance between performance and affordability, making them an attractive option for many businesses.

Advantages of mini computer

• Fast
• Portable- Minicomputer can be taken any where easily
• Reliable- Minicomputer is reliable
• Easy to use and maintain

Disadvantage

• They don’t have a CD/DVD drive
• Have a small keyboard
• There is not much storage in mini computer

Input unit

• Input is any data that we send to a computer for processing
• Ex- keyboard, mouse, scanner etc.

Output unit

• Output is the result of the processed data that we see through some devices.
• Ex- monitor, printer, speaker etc.

CPU (central processing unit)

• CPU is known as the brain of the computer system. It is an electronic hardware device that processes all the operating of the computer

Control Unit

• The control unit of a CPU control all the activities and operations of the computer;
• It is also responsible for controlling input / output, memory and other devices connected to the CPU

ALU  (Arithmetic and Logic unit)

• The data inputted through input devices is stored in the primary storage unit
• Arithmetic and logic unit divided into two part

• Arithmetic section – the arithmetic section unit controls simple operations such as , addition , subtraction, division and multiplication.
• Logic section – function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data.

Memory unit

• Memory unit is a main part of the computer system which is used to store data and instruction before and after processing.

Computer languages

• There are three types of computer language

High level language

• A high-level language is a programming language that is designed to be easily understood by humans and abstracts away the complexities of the underlying computer hardware. It allows programmers to write code using English-like statements, making it more readable and easier to maintain.
• High-level languages provide a higher level of abstraction compared to low-level languages like assembly or machine code. They use natural language elements and syntax that resemble everyday English, making the code more intuitive and easier to comprehend.
• Some popular high-level languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. These languages provide built-in functions and libraries that simplify common programming tasks, allowing developers to focus on the logic of their programs rather than low-level details.
• High-level languages are platform-independent, meaning that the same code can be executed on different computer systems without modification. They also support features like memory management, error handling, and object-oriented programming, which enhance code organization and reusability.

Advantages of high level language

• Easy to read
• Easy to write
• Maintain as it is written in English like words.

Assembly language (Middle level language)

• Definition: Assembly language is a human-readable representation of machine code, which is the language understood by the computer’s processor. It provides a more direct and granular control over the hardware compared to high-level language.
• Structure: Assembly language uses mnemonic codes, known as opcodes, to represent specific machine instructions. These opcodes are typically followed by operands, which specify the data or memory locations to be operated on.
• Low-Level Nature: Assembly language is considered low-level because it closely corresponds to the architecture and instruction set of the target processor. Each assembly instruction typically maps to a specific machine instruction, making it more efficient but less portable than high-level languages.
• Program Execution: Assembly programs are assembled into machine code using an assembler. The resulting machine code can then be executed directly by the processor.
• Use Cases: Assembly language is commonly used in situations where direct control over hardware is necessary, such as device drivers, embedded systems, and operating system kernels. It is also used for performance-critical applications that require fine-grained optimization.
• Learning Curve: Writing programs in assembly language requires a deep understanding of the underlying hardware architecture. It involves working with registers, memory addresses, and bitwise operations, which can be challenging for beginners.

Advantages of middle level language

• it is used for critical jobs
• It is faster in speed
• Requires less memory

Disadvantages

• Syntax is difficult to remember.
• It is very complex
• It takes a lot of time.

Machine language

1. Definition: Machine language is a binary representation of instructions that can be executed directly by the computer’s processor. It consists of sequences of 0s and 1s, which correspond to specific operations and data manipulations.
2. Binary Code: In machine language, each instruction and piece of data is represented by a unique pattern of 0s and 1s. These patterns are understood by the computer’s hardware and executed at the lowest level.
3. Instruction Set Architecture: Each processor has its own instruction set architecture (ISA), which defines the specific operations it can perform and the format of machine language instructions. Different processors have different ISAs, making machine code specific to a particular hardware platform.
4. Program Execution: Machine language programs are executed directly by the computer’s processor. The processor fetches each instruction from memory, decodes it, and performs the corresponding operation.
5. Lack of Abstraction: Machine language lacks the abstractions and human-readable syntax of high-level languages. Instructions are typically represented as numeric codes, making it difficult for humans to understand and write programs directly in machine language

Advantage of machine language

• Fast
• It is directly understood by the computer
• It requires no translator to translate the code

Memory

1. Definition: Computer memory, often referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory), is a hardware component that stores data and instructions temporarily for the computer to access quickly. It is an essential part of a computer system, allowing for efficient data processing.
2. Function: Computer memory plays a crucial role in the overall performance of a computer. It provides quick access to data and instructions needed by the processor, enabling faster execution of tasks and programs.
3. Types of Memory: There are different types of computer memory, including RAM, ROM (Read-Only Memory), cache memory, and virtual memory. Each type serves a specific purpose in the storage and retrieval of data.
4. RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) is the primary type of memory in a computer. It is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is powered off. RAM temporarily holds data and instructions that the processor actively uses during operation.
5. ROM: Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a type of memory that stores permanent data and instructions. It contains firmware or software instructions that are essential for booting up the computer and initializing hardware components.
6. Cache Memory: Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located close to the processor. It stores frequently accessed data and instructions, allowing for faster retrieval and reducing the time it takes for the processor to access information.
7. Virtual Memory: Virtual memory is a memory management technique that uses a portion of the computer’s hard drive as an extension of RAM. It allows the computer to handle larger amounts of data than what can fit in physical memory, improving overall performance.

Primary memory

• Primary memory is also known as main memory and internal memory
• A computer cannot run without the primary memory
• Primary memory is also called main memory
• Primary memory it is a temporary memory
• It is volatile in nature
• This memory has fast access time.

Types of primary memory

• There are two type of primary memory

RAM

• RAM stand for Random access memory
• RAM is a volatile memory
• It is a temporary storage
• Writing data is faster
• Store data in MB
• Used in a normal operations
• Large size with higher capacity
• used for both read and write
• Very fast but uses a lot of power.
• There are two type of RAM
• SRAM
• DRAM

ROM

• ROM stand for read only memory
• ROM is a Non volatile memory
• ROM store a data Permanent
• ROM Storage data in GB
• Writing data is slower
• Small in size
• Fast and uses very little power
• There are many types of ROM three types of important
• PROM
• EPROM
• EEPROM

Secondary memory

• Secondary memory is known as backup memory or additional memory
• It allows users to store data and information that can be retrieved
• It is a permanent memory
• It is non-volatile in nature
• This memory has low access time

For ex- HHD, SSD, optical drive.

• Secondary storage devices

CD

• CD Stand For Compact Disk Is A Digital Optical Deck.
• A CD is a portable storage medium that can be used to record, store and Play back audio, video and other data in digital form

HD

• A Hard disk commonly known as a HDD.
• HD is a type of magnetic disk.
• HD provides a large storage capacity

Pen drive

• Pen drive is a portable data storage device
• Pen drive is a data storage portable device
• Pen drive is a small machine
• A pen drive helps stare huge and of information.

Floppy disk

• A floppy disk is storage medium.
• A floppy disk is a drive used t read data storage information

Input devices

• An input device is connected to a computer that send out data into the computer
• Input devices are controlled by user
• It accepts data from user
• It is directly connected the user
• Ex – Mouse, key board, scanner, Light pen etc.

Output Device

• An output device is connected to a computer that receives incoming data
• An output devices is connect to provide information to users output devices are controlled by the computer
• It reflects result to user
• It is commanded by the processor
• Ex – Monitor, printer, speaker, Head phone, GPS etc

Scanner

• A Scanner is a device that captures images from pointer, Magazine pages and similar sources for computing editing.
• An electronic machine that can look at record or send images or electronic information.

Plotter

• A plotter is a computer hard work devices much like a printer that is used for printing act or graphics

LCD

• LCD stand for liquid crystal Display is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid crystals in its primary from of operation
• LCD is a display technology uses road shaped molecules used in digital watches, laptops , Mobile, Phones and other electronic devices

Plasma display

• A plasma display is a type of flat panel display that use smell cells containing plasma